Curriculum Documents by Quarter Grade 12 Ciencias

Vocabulary

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Homeostasis

Monomer

Polymer

Protein

Amino acid

Enzyme

Catalyst

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Glucose

Lipid

Nucleic acid

Nucleotide

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Skills

What is the scientific method and how is it applied in biology.

What are biological questions?

How does biology differ from other disciplines (religion, ethics, politics and how are the questions different)

What questions can we answer using biology and what can't we answer and how are they related? For example politics (abortion, stem cell research, etc.)

Identify the characteristics and needs of all living things.

Explain the significance of carbon in organic molecules.

Recognize the six most common elements in organic molecules (C, H, N, O, P, S).

Describe the composition and functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).

Explain the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions.


Curriculum Documents by Quarter - Science Grade 9 Biology
Unit of Study 1: Characteristics of Life
Standards	Essential Questions	Learning Objectives
Use basic scientific process skills to observe, measure, use numbers, classify, question, infer, hypothesize, and communicate. Use integrated scientific process skills to predict, design experiments, control variables, interpret data, define operations, and formulate models. Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments. Understand that living things are made of atoms bonded together to form organic molecules.	How do scientists organize our knowledge of the universe? How do scientists use evidence, models, and explanations to communicate about discoveries? How do scientists measure change? What forces cause change? What is the relationship between structure and function in objects, organisms, and systems? How do scientists explore, observe, ask questions, collect data, and find patterns?	Vocabulary Independent Variable Dependent Variable Homeostasis Monomer Polymer Protein Amino acid Enzyme Catalyst Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Glucose Lipid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Skills What is the scientific method and how is it applied in biology. What are biological questions? How does biology differ from other disciplines (religion, ethics, politics and how are the questions different) What questions can we answer using biology and what can't we answer and how are they related? For example politics (abortion, stem cell research, etc.) Identify the characteristics and needs of all living things. Explain the significance of carbon in organic molecules. Recognize the six most common elements in organic molecules (C, H, N, O, P, S). Describe the composition and functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). Explain the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions.
Unit of Study 2: Cell Theory and Biochemistry
Living things are made of atoms bonded together to form organic molecules. All living things are composed of cells. Life processes in a cell are based on molecular interactions. Describe, explain, and compare the structure and functions of cells in organisms. Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.	How do scientists organize our knowledge of the universe? How do scientists use evidence, models, and explanations to communicate about discoveries? How do scientists measure change? What forces cause change? What is the relationship between structure and function in objects, organisms, and systems? How do scientists explore, observe, ask questions, collect data, and find patterns?	Vocabulary Diffusion Osmosis Active transport Photosynthesis Respiration Fermentation Mitosis Meiosis Centriole Spindle Centromere Cell plate Transcription Translation DNA RNA
		Skills Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, in terms of their general structures and degrees of complexity. Identify cell organelles and state how their activities contribute to a particular type of cell carrying out its function. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, and active transport). Describe photosynthesis as a chemical process and part of the carbon cycle. (Calvin Cycle) Identify how cellular respiration is important for the production of ATP. (Krebs Cycle) Understand how energy is stored and released including glycolysis, fermentation, respiration, and photosynthesis. Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Describe how biological systems can maintain equilibrium (homeostasis). Describe and compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell cycle. Explain how the development of tools and technology, including microscopes, has aided in the understanding of cells and microbes. Explain how the history of theory of cell structure and how it has changed over time (endosymbiont hypothesis).
Unit of Study 3: DNA & Genetics
Use basic scientific process skills to observe, measure, use numbers, classify, question, infer, hypothesize, and communicate. Use integrated scientific process skills to predict, design experiments, control variables, interpret data, define operations, and formulate models. Understand the genetic basis for inheritance and the basic concepts of biological evolution. Genes are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA sequence of each organism that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins characteristic of that organism. Explain laws of heredity and their relationship to the structure and function of DNA.	How do scientists organize our knowledge of the universe? How do scientists use evidence, models, and explanations to communicate about discoveries? How do scientists measure change? What forces cause change? What is the relationship between structure and function in objects, organisms, and systems? How do scientists explore, observe, ask questions, collect data, and find patterns?	Vocabulary Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Gel electrophoresis DNA fingerprint Clone Plasmid Somatic cell Germ cell Stem cell Differentiate Transgeneic Mutation Fitness Homologous structures Vestigial organs Mutations Speciation
		Skills § *Describe and compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell cycle.* § Use a microscope to observe cells. § Describe the structure and function of DNA, and distinguish among replication, transcription, and translation. § Describe the process of replication, transcription and translation and how they relate to each other in molecular biology. § Describe the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins by using tRNAs to translate genetic information encoded in mRNAs. § Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may be silent or result in phenotypic change in an organism and in its offspring. § Differentiate between dominant, recessive, codominant, polygenic, and sex-linked traits and meiosis and mitosis in cellular reproduction. § State Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. § Apply concepts of inheritance of traits, including Mendel’s laws, Punnett squares, and pedigrees, to determine the characteristics of offspring. Recognize the existence of technology that can alter and/or determine inherited traits.
Unit of Study 4: Evolution & Ecology
Evolution and biodiversity are the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Explain and analyze the interdependence of organisms in their natural environment. Describe and analyze the principles of natural selection and adaptation Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living things and their environments.	How do scientists organize our knowledge of the universe? How do scientists use evidence, models, and explanations to communicate about discoveries? How do scientists measure change? What forces cause change? What is the relationship between structure and function in objects, organisms, and systems? How do scientists explore, observe, ask questions, collect data, and find patterns?	Vocabulary Sarcomere Actin Myosin Flexor Extensor Osteoblast Osteoclast Marrow Compact bone Spongy bone Systemic Plasma Lymph Erythrocyte Leucocyte T-cell B-cell Phagocyte Vaccine Pharynx Larynx Bronchi Alveoli Hemoglobin Esophagus Small intestine Large intestine Colon Anus Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Villi HCl Acid Pepsin Neuron Synapse Axon Dendrite K pump Impulse Reflex Stimulus
		Skills Predict outcomes of changes in resources and energy flow in an ecosystem. Explain how humans and other species can impact an ecosystem (conservation, sustainability). Explain how the balance of resources will change with the introduction or loss of a new species within an ecosystem. Recognize that, over time, natural selection may result in development of a new species or subspecies. Recognize that natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide an explanation of the fossil record as well as an explanation for the molecular similarities among varied species. Explain how biological evolution can account for the diversity of species developed over time. Explain the relationship between genetics, mutations, and biological evolution. Explain how our understanding of evolution has changed over time. Explain how the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and other evidence support the theory of evolution. Illustrate how genetic variation is preserved or eliminated from a population through Darwinian natural selection (evolution) resulting in biodiversity. Describe how the taxonomic system classifies living things into domains (eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes) and kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi, etc.). Describe how daily choices of individuals, taken together, affect global resource cycles, ecosystems, and natural resource supplies

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Curriculum Documents by Quarter - Science Grade 9 Biology